Podium presentation at the ISL-FD conference in Barcelona, Spain

Geoff Smith gave one of the podium presentations at the 7th International Conference for Lyophilization and Freeze-Drying that was held in Barcelona, Spain on July 10th 2015. In his talk, entitled “Process Analytical Technology and the Question of Scale” he explained the basis for the technology, and some applications in freeze-drying process understanding, including how Through Vial Impedance Spectroscopy (TVIS) could be used to determine the average temperature of the ice fraction in the region of the vial bounded by the electrodes (see panel to the right).